全球(国际)发展方向的课程体系及学习资源梳理研究
撰写成员:何童杰 魏旻
前言:21世纪以来,全球发展,或称国际发展是各国间热议的一个高频词,尤其是在新冠疫情发生以后,世界各国再一次充分认识到了全球发展的必要性。国际发展与合作早在1945年联合国建立之初就号称展开,然而意大利总理府国际合作专家卡尔罗·卡普里亚(Carlo Capria)认为,近几十年来,国际发展与合作在其目标和干预、融资和支出方面一直受到国际社会的严厉批评。它已被认为是第一世界对第三世界进行统治的工具,甚至是纯粹的资源浪费。因为它相比被援助者而言,更有益于援助者。新冠疫情更是凸显了过去国际发展与合作机制的脆弱性:欧盟于2020年4月8日发起了“欧洲团队(Team Europa)”倡议以应对新冠疫情造成的影响和进一步推进欧洲地区的国际合作事宜,然而当意大利政府向欧盟请求必要医疗物资的援助时,欧盟却未予以回应;法德两国甚至拒绝对意大利出口口罩。
与之对比,中国的第一架运载援助物资的飞机于2020年3月13日飞抵罗马,向国际世界展示了中国参与全球发展合作的态度和决心,同时也带来了疫情时代下全球发展合作的中国方案——《罗马宣言》。现如今,中国与世界的联系愈加紧密,中国的国际地位与话语权日渐提升,人类命运共同体理念逐渐被各国所接受,贯彻全球发展的中国方案已然是刻不容缓。然而,若要进一步贯彻全球发展方案,势必需要全球发展方面的人才队伍。但是就全球发展的研究现状来看,国外各大院校大多已开展相关课程培养方案,更有无数学者发表了相关的论述著作;而国内的院校目前大多对全球发展相关课程的定位相当模糊,尚未将其作为独立的课程项目进行设置,专攻该领域的研究著作更是寥寥无几。基于此现状,本次研究旨在搜集国内外全球发展研究的相关成果,试图梳理其内部构建逻辑,为我国的全球发展课程研发和相关项目的设置提供参考。
一、 研究目标
2022年12月2日-3日,由商务部国际贸易经济合作研究院和联合国开发计划署(UNDP)联合举办的第三届“中国与国际发展”论坛成功举办。围绕“应对多重危机挑战,重振全球发展合作,助力2030年可持续发展议程”的论坛主题,国内发展合作相关部门、驻华使馆、联合国机构等代表,聚焦新形势下推动落实全球发展倡议、加速实现可持续发展目标进行深入交流。
在本次论坛中,商务部研究院副院长俞子荣作了题为“以全球发展倡议引领中国国际发展合作的转型和创新”的主题发言,指出当前的发展目标就是构建一套“中国特色的国际发展政策体系”,它应具备三个特征:一是系统性,包括区域、国别、领域、专题、长期、短期等自上而下、多层次多维度的政策设计;二是针对性,结合全球发展倡议和可持续发展议程的要求,针对性制定涉及粮食安全、气候变化等各项全球性挑战的发展政策;三是可验证性,用国际社会听得懂的语言来细化政策目标和政策措施,既可以增强国际国内对中国发展合作的正确认知,又便于检验和评估政策落实与实践效果。
在此理论框架的指导下,本次研究提出如下四点目标:
(一) 检索国内外“全球(国际)发展”方向的相关院校课程,分析其建构逻辑,提炼出成熟的经验,为我国的相关课程培养提供参考;
(二) 检索和整理“全球(国际)发展”方向的经典书籍,作为课程资料来源;
(三) 检索和整理与“全球(国际)发展”有关的学习资源,搭建学习资源库,以供研究者补充查阅;
(四) 通过以上分析院校课程框架,整理全球学术专著,搭建学习资源库的方式,实现对当前“全球(国际)发展”相关专业课程的初步梳理,为国内相关培训课程及人才培养提供参考。
二、 资料来源
本次研究以互联网关键词搜索为检索方式,重点收集整理国内外院校的公开课程资源。通过相关院校的官网主页,各大机构给出的专业排名为基础资料来源,在官方内容的基础上,结合搜索引擎给出的有关资料为补充,力求所得研究资料的准确性、完整性。
三、 资料展示
学校学院 | 学位 | 课程 | |||
预备课 | 必修 | 选修 | |||
香港岭南大学 | 国际与发展经济学理学硕士 | 经济学 | 发展微观经济学 | 国际货币与金融 | |
数学统计学 | 发展宏观经济学 | 全球化与经济发展 | |||
发展经济学 | 中国与世界经济 | ||||
国际贸易 | 国际政治经济学 | ||||
当前国际经济与发展经济学的问题 | 「一带一路」倡议:历史、政治、经济及社会 | ||||
研究方法 | 中国区域经济发展 | ||||
NA | 经济发展中的政治经济 | ||||
环境议题与可持续发展 | |||||
Globalisation and Economic Integration | |||||
金融计量经济学 I | |||||
金融计量经济学 II | |||||
英国萨塞克斯大学 | International Development BA (Hons) | NA | 1st Year | ||
Colonialism and After | NA | ||||
Global Development Paradigms, Policy and Politics | |||||
Sussex Perspectives on International Development | |||||
Global Development Challenges and Innovation | |||||
Institutions of Aid | |||||
Key Thinkers in Development | |||||
2nd Year | |||||
Economic Perspectives on Development | Development and the State | ||||
Research Skills for Development | Environmental Perspectives on Development | ||||
Social Change, Culture and Development | Gender and Development: Theory, Concepts and Issues | ||||
Health, Poverty and Inequality | |||||
International Education and Development | |||||
Race, Ethnicity and Nationalism | |||||
3rd Year | |||||
NA | Critical Perspectives on Conflict and Violence | ||||
Cultures of Colonialism | |||||
Development Tools and Skills | |||||
Geographies of Money, Finance, and Debt | |||||
Global Food Security | |||||
Global Food Security | |||||
Horizontal Development(s) | |||||
Human Rights | |||||
Mobilities and Global Inequalities | |||||
Refugees, Migrants and Religion | |||||
Religions in Global Politics | |||||
The Global Politics of Health | |||||
The Politics of Armed Groups: Rebels, State and Society | |||||
International Development Thesis | |||||
Decolonial Movements | |||||
Development, Business and Corporate Social Responsibility | |||||
Digital Development: Gender, Health and Technology | |||||
Geographies of Rising and Declining Powers | |||||
Global Politics of Food | |||||
Global Resistance: Subjects and Practices | |||||
Race, Ethnicity and Identity | |||||
Urban Futures | |||||
Whose Histories Matter? Doing Decolonial Heritage and National Identities | |||||
英国萨塞克斯大学 | Development Studies MA | NA | Ideas in Development and Policy, Evidence and Practice | Economic Perspectives on Development | |
Research Design | Gender, Identity and Inclusion | ||||
Dissertation Development Studies | Political Economy Perspectives on Development | ||||
Power and Social Perspectives on Development | |||||
Aid and Poverty: the Political Economy of International Development Assistance | |||||
Business as a Development Actor | |||||
Climate Change and Development | |||||
Competing in the Green Economy | |||||
Debating Poverty and Vulnerability: Policy and Programming | |||||
Democracy and Public Policy | |||||
Designing Critical Enquiry | |||||
Development in Cities | |||||
Governance of Violent Conflict and (In)security | |||||
Health and Development | |||||
Nutrition | |||||
Poverty, Violence and Conflict | |||||
Public Financial Management | |||||
Reflective and Creative Practice for Social Change | |||||
Sustainability and Policy Processes: Issues in Agriculture, Environment and Health | |||||
Theory and Practice of Impact Evaluation | |||||
Unruly Politics | |||||
牛津大学 | MSc in Global Governance & Diplomacy | NA | Foundation Course - | Diplomacy and International Law | |
Public Diplomacy | |||||
Peace-building and State-building | |||||
Non-violent Resistance Movements | |||||
Political Economy of Institutions and Development | |||||
Surveillance and Human Rights | |||||
Global Trade and Finance | |||||
International Institutions | |||||
Global Environment Governance | |||||
美国哈佛大学 | Master in Public Administration | NA | 1st Year | ||
Australian National University | Bachelor of Development Studies | NA | Culture and Human Diversity: Introducing Anthropology | Culture and Development | |
Global Citizen: Culture, Development and Inequality | POLS2011 Development and Change | ||||
Asia and the Pacific: Power, Diversity and Change | SOCY2030 Social Inequalities and Development | ||||
Asia and the Pacific in Motion | |||||
Introduction to Environmental and Social Research | |||||
Sustainable Development | |||||
Introduction to International Relations: Foundations and Concepts | |||||
Introduction to International Relations: Contemporary Global Issues | |||||
Self and Society | |||||
Analysing the Social World: An Introduction to Social Psychology | |||||
丹麦哥本哈根大学 | Master of Science (MSc) in Global Development | NA | Applied Research | NA | |
Global Development: | |||||
Global Business | |||||
Transnational Actors, | |||||
Interdisciplinary Field Research | |||||
Economic Growth | |||||
Global Politics | |||||
University of Ottawa | Master of Arts International | NA | Understanding | NA | |
Research Methods | |||||
Monitoring and Evaluation | |||||
Gender-based Analysis | |||||
Financing for Development Initiatives | |||||
Economic Growth, Private Sector and Social Inclusion | |||||
Livelihoods, Resources and Sustainability | |||||
Conflict, Transitions and Peace | |||||
Social Movements, Equity and Human Rights | |||||
Undergraduate - International Development and Globalization | English or French | Details refer to website | NA | ||
McGill | Development Studies Option | Details refer to website | NA | NA | |
Arizaona State University | MS Global Technology and Development (Applied International Development) | NA | Development Policy | NA | |
Global Technology and Development | |||||
Technology and the International Political System | |||||
Technology and Development in Zones of Conflict | |||||
Social Science Inquiry for Global Development | |||||
Applied Project Methods in Global Development | |||||
Technology and Development in Latin America | |||||
Financial and Resource Management | |||||
Program Evaluation and Information Management | |||||
Applied Project | |||||
Arizaona State University | Certificate Global Development | NA | Strategies in Global Development | NA | |
Corporate Social | |||||
Responsibility in a Global Context | |||||
SOAS University of London | BA Global Development | NA | Introduction to Global Development | Critical Reasoning in Contemporary | |
Introduction to Political Economy of Development | Development Studies | ||||
Development from Below | Key Thinkers and Theories in Development | ||||
Introduction to Development Practice | |||||
Humber College Institute of | Bachelor of International Development | NA | Core courses: international development studies, supplementary disciplines, management skills and research skills | NA | |
University of Westminster | International Relations and | NA | Year 1 | NA | |
British Politics | |||||
Democracy in Crisis | |||||
Dilemmas of International Development | |||||
Global Governance and the State | |||||
Introduction to International Relations and Global Politics | |||||
Political Ideas in Action | |||||
The Global Politics of Migration | |||||
Year 2 | |||||
Asia, Africa and Latin America; Dynamism and Change in the Global South | |||||
Democratic Innovations | |||||
Doing Political Research: Project Management in the Social Sciences | |||||
Global Political Economy | |||||
Internship | |||||
Middle East Politics | |||||
Politics and Society in 21st Century America | |||||
Short Burst of Learning in an International Environment | |||||
The European Union as a Regional Power | |||||
The Politics of Killing | |||||
Theorising Politics and International Relations | |||||
Year 3 | |||||
Advanced Readings in Contemporary Political Theory | |||||
American Power in a Multipolar World | |||||
Contested Sovereignty: Jurisdiction and Power in Contemporary International Relations | |||||
Dissertation or Professional Report | |||||
Ethics, Morality and World Order(s) | |||||
Foreign Policy and Diplomacy in a Changing World | |||||
Gender and Politics | |||||
Humanitarian Intervention | |||||
Political Psychology | |||||
Radical Democracy | |||||
Security and the Surveillance State | |||||
Social and Political Movements in a Globalising World | |||||
Themes in Development: Comparative/Regional Perspectives | |||||
香港大学 | 国际与公共事务硕士 | NA | 国际关系理论 | 亚太地区的国际关系 | |
全球和区域治理专题 | |||||
全球不平等的政治 | |||||
法律、政治和国际体系 | |||||
非政府组织和治理 | |||||
浙江大学国际联合商学院 | 全球传播与管理学士 | NA | NA | NA | |
北京大学国际关系学院 | 国际关系本科学士 | NA | 国际政治经济学 | 国际政治思想史 | |
国际关系史 | 世界宗教与国际社会 | ||||
国际组织与国际法 | 中东地区的国家关系 | ||||
国际关系与东亚安全 | |||||
“一带一路”沿线政治经济与国际关系概况 | |||||
中国与国际法 | |||||
| |||||
东南亚政治经济与外交 | |||||
国际贸易政治学 | |||||
非政府外交 | |||||
中国农业大学 | 国际发展政策与治理硕士/博士 | NA | 高级发展学 | 发展政治学 | |
国际发展合作 | 发展社会学前沿 | ||||
南南合作与三方合作 | 发展研究前沿 | ||||
全球农业治理 | 发展研究方法 | ||||
非洲与国际发展专题 | |||||
非全日制公共管理硕士 | NA | NA | 国际发展与全球治理专题 | ||
普林斯顿大学 | Master in Public Affairs | Race, Power and Inequality | The Comparative Political Economy of Development | NA | |
多伦多大学 | International Development Studies | NA | Introduction to International Development Studies | NA | |
Political Economy of International | |||||
Development | |||||
Development and Environment | |||||
Equity, Ethics and Justive in International Development | |||||
Global Development in Comparative Perspective | |||||
Media and Development | |||||
Topics in International Development Studies | |||||
Special Topics in International Development Studies | |||||
Development,Citizen Action and Social Change in the Global South | |||||
New Paradigms in Development:The Role of Emerging Powers | |||||
Power and Community-Based Research in Development | |||||
Universitatea De Vest Din Timisoara蒂米什瓦拉西部大学 | Master in International Development and Management of Global Affairs | NA | Theories and strategies of international development | NA | |
Development education | |||||
Diplomacy and Global Affairs | |||||
International organisations | |||||
Gender and Development | |||||
Humanitarian Assistance and development aid | |||||
Project Management | |||||
Migration Studies | |||||
Social Development in Regional Context | |||||
瑞典隆德大学Lund University | MSc in International Development and Management | NA | International Development Perspectives | NA | |
Sustainable Development and Natural Resource Management | |||||
Organisations and Programme Management | |||||
科克大学University College Cork | BSc (Hons) in International Development | NA | Data in Development studies | Local Development and Public Health | |
Globalisation and Development | |||||
Gender and Development | |||||
Introduction to Development Studies | |||||
Introduction to Development Economics | |||||
Introduction to Sustainable Rural Development | |||||
英国威斯敏斯特大学University of Westminster | International Development Management MSc | NA | Current Issues in International Development | NA | |
Development | |||||
Economics and Policy | |||||
Human Resource Strategies for the International Manager | |||||
International Development Finance | |||||
Managing Development Interventions | |||||
英国圣玛丽大学 St Mary’s University Twickenham, London | MA Education, International Development and Social Justice | NA | Education, Emergencies and Refugees | Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking: Policing, Policy and Practice | |
Gender, Education and International Development | Human Rights and Migration | ||||
Issues in Education and International Development | International Non-Governmental Organisations | ||||
Social Entrepreneurship | |||||
伦敦大学 | MSc Research for International Development | NA | Statistical Research | NA | |
Natural resources, development and change: putting critical analysis into practice | |||||
Security | |||||
The Working Poor and Development | |||||
Migrant Labour in the Global Economy | |||||
War to Peace | |||||
Transitions | |||||
Water and Development: Conflict and Governance | |||||
Water Resources: Justice and Governance | |||||
Techniques in International Development | |||||
Fundamentals of research methods for Development Studies | |||||
Aid and Development | |||||
Agrarian Development, Food Policy and Rural Poverty | |||||
Borders and Development | |||||
Cities and Development | |||||
Civil society, social movements and the development process | |||||
Development Practice | |||||
Environment, Governance and Development | |||||
Energy Transition, Nature, and Development in a Time of Climate Change | |||||
Famine and food security | |||||
Gender and Development | |||||
Global Commodity Chains, Production Networks and Informal Work | |||||
Global Health and Development | |||||
Marxist Political Economy and Global Development | |||||
Migration and Policy | |||||
Neoliberalism, Democracy and Global Development | |||||
Problems of Development in the Middle East and North Africa |
表1:全球(国际)发展相关院校课程汇总
书名 | 作者 | 出版、校译 |
《分布主义国际关系理论》 | 保建云 | 北京 经济科学出版社 |
《全球化时代的国际关系》 | 俞正樑 | 上海 复旦大学出版社 |
《人类命运共同体 理论与实践》 | 张建新 肖佳灵 | 上海 上海人民出版社 |
《多元共生 现时代中国外交与国际关系》 | 任晓 | 杭州 浙江大学出版社 |
《“一带一路”:合作与互鉴》 | 中国国际经济交流中心“一带一路”课题组 | 北京 中国经济出版社 |
The global development crisis | Benjamin Selwyn | Cambridge |
《国际发展学概论》 | 崔文星、黄梅波,2021 | 上海 复旦大学出版社 |
《国际发展合作新方向》 | 郑宇,2016 | 上海 上海人民出版社 |
《国际发展合作:理论、实践与评估》 | 赵剑治,2018 | 中国社会科学出版社 |
New media and international development: representation and affect in microfinance | Anke Schwittay,2014 | NA |
Development as freedom | Amartya Sen | NA |
Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty | 阿比吉特·班纳吉(Abhijit V.Banerjee) | NA |
Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights and the New War on the Poor | Paul Farmer | NA |
Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to improve the Human Condition Have Failed | James C. Scott | NA |
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa | Walter Rodney | NA |
The Shock Doctrine:The Rise of Disaster Capitalism | Naomi Klein | NA |
Good Economics for Hard Times: Better Answers to Our Biggest Problems | 阿比吉特·班纳吉(Abhijit V.Banerjee) | NA |
Damned Nations:Greed,Guns, Armies, and Aid | Samantha Nutt | NA |
The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It | Paul Collier | NA |
State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery | Atul Kohli | NA |
Banker To The Poor: Micro-Lending and the Battle Against World Poverty | Muhammad Yunus | NA |
The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good | William Easterly | NA |
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies | Jared Diamond | NA |
Developmental States | Stephan Haggard,2018 | NA |
《转型的世界:对国际体系、中国及全球发展的思考》 | 【斯洛文尼亚】达尼洛·图尔克 | 中国人民大学重阳金融研究院译 2021 |
《全球对话书系》 | NA | 中国发展出版社 2003 |
《贫穷的终结》 | 【美】杰弗里·萨克斯 | 2007年8月1日上海人民出版社出版 |
《援助的死亡》 | 【赞比亚】丹比萨·莫约 | 2010年世界知识出版社出版 |
《遇见非洲,理解世界》 | NA | 中南屋 |
《世界是平的》 | 【美】托马斯·弗里德曼 | 2006年湖南科学技术出版社 |
《气候赌场》 | 【美】威廉·诺德豪斯(William D.Nordhaus) | 耶鲁大学出版社 2013 |
《贫穷的本质》 | 阿比吉特·班纳吉(Abhijit V.Banerjee) | 2013年中信出版社出版 |
生态、环保 | ||
《零碳社会:生态文明的崛起和全球绿色新政》 | 杰里米·里夫金 | 赛迪研究院专家组 (译者) |
《第六次大灭绝:不自然的历史》(The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History) | 伊丽莎白·寇伯特(Elizabeth Kolbert) | NA |
From Recipients to Donors Emerging Powers and the Changing Development Landscape | Emma Mawdsley,2012 | NA |
全球化 | ||
The Travels of A T-shirt in the Global Economy | Pietra Rivoli, 2005 | NA |
Global Capitalism: Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth Century | Jeffry Frieden,2006 | NA |
What is Globalization | Ulrich Beck | Wiley出版社 2000 |
Why Globalization Works | Martin Wolf | 耶鲁大学出版社 2005 |
Limits to Globalization | Elmar Rieger,Stephan Leibfried | NA |
期刊 | ||
Skills Development and International Development Agenda Setting: | Masooda Bano | The European Journal of Development |
What is the value of qualitative longitudinal research with children and young people | NA | International Journal of Social Research Methodology |
NA | NA | University of Oxford - Publications |
NA | NA | Australian National University - Development Policy Centre |
NA | NA | The Oxford Martin Programme on Global Development |
NA | NA | Our World in Data: Research and data to make progress |
NA | NA | International Development Research @ Cambridge |
NA | NA | Global Challenges research at Cambridge |
NA | NA | Stanford Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies - |
NA | NA | Harvard Center for Global Development Dataverse |
Fateful Decisions: Choices That Will Shape China's Future | Jean C. Oi,Thomas Fingar | Stanford Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center |
Manipulating Globalization: The Influence of Bureaucrats on Business in China | Chen, Ling | Stanford Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center |
表2:全球(国际)发展相关著作汇总
平台 | 课程、专业 | 院校 | 课程框架 |
Coursera | Management of International Development: | Bocconi | 8 Hours in total |
Edx | Technology Evaluation for Global Development | MITx | Week one: History of appropriate technology, the rise of technology use in global development |
TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT | University of Cape Town | NA | |
Leadership in Global Development | The University of Queensland | Details refer to website | |
Master of International Service | School of International Service | Details refer to website | |
Online Master of Arts in International | Details refer to website | ||
Online Master of Science in International | Details refer to website | ||
Online BSc International Relations | University of London | 1st Year |
表3:全球(国际)发展相关网络课程平台汇总
四、 研究分析
(一) 对“全球(国际)发展”的认识
“全球(国际)发展”是一个面向全球和跨学科的项目,它研究了从单一区域到全球的政治、经济和文化变化,运用跨学科的方法与地理学、经济学、环境研究、历史、政治研究、社会学和性别研究密切合作,以了解南北国家之间以及国家内部互动的本质。从国外名校的课程汇总来看,全球(国际)发展学科下往往涵盖政治、经济、社会等各学科领域内容,并且划分南半球、北美、欧洲、非洲等细分国别区域,聚焦气候变化、饥荒、性别、种族、国界、粮食安全、数字经济、人道干预等热点问题,并且以实习项目辅助课堂讲授,形成了院校机构一体的跨学科、跨领域培养模式,兼具很强的综合性与专业性,直接为各大国际组织定向输送人才。
全球(国际)发展,正如其名,重点体现在发展相关学科的国际性背景上。而发展学则可以细分出政治、经济、社会、人类学等模块。全球(国际)发展,不仅要求从事者对于所述各领域有广泛的基本认识,更要求对于某一专业领域有深刻洞见。全球(国际)发展学科的创立与完善,需要各领域的师资团队进行组合,相关课程涵盖通识学科及细分专业,重点聚焦全球热点性问题的解决,最终服务于全球发展的中国方案。
(二) 院校课程与相关著作资源分析
如上文所述,目前发达国家及地区的广大高级院校对于全球(国际)发展这门学科基本已经有了较为完善的课程设置和培养体系,而国内除了个别院校以外,大多未曾设置相关学科,这与全球(国际)发展学科本身带有的广度有关;国内院校目前多是将与其相关的内容分散在已有的各大专业中进行讲授,出于各种原因未曾将其进行归纳整合。从香港岭南大学已开设的课程来看,大多数课程是宽泛的通识内容,如发展经济学,国际政治经济学等;而中国农业大学则侧重于国际合作和发展学模块,对标国外专业的课程设置无论从广度还是深度上仍有很大欠缺,处于学科的起步阶段。为了应对我国相关领域专业人才的欠缺,国内各大高校应尽快将全球(国际)发展学科的建设提上日程,顺应当前国际发展与区域合作的发展态势,为我国的“一带一路”与人类命运共同体建设输送后备力量。
在全球(国际)发展相关书籍的产出与储备上,国内外差距同样存在。从上表2的汇总整理中不难发现,西方国家不乏从事相关研究的专业学者,并且在细分的政治经济学、人类学、社会学等学科领域以及种族与性别、贫富差距、粮食安全与气候变化等热点领域上都有相关的研究著作产出。而国内虽然也有相关研究内容,但明显可见的出现了“教科书式”的迹象,相关著作多为国内高级院校出版的发展学通识入门类书籍,是对于相关发展学研究较为范式的教学内容,而少有对于其下细分领域和热点问题的研究著作。相关研究人员和重要著作的缺失也是国内全球(国际)发展研究迟迟未能广泛建立学科的一大重要原因。目前我们只能参考使用国外较为完善的著作进行学习培养。故本文还罗列了表3所示的网络课程平台资源以供参考。
表中所列的网络课程平台基本上是从属于国外院校的网络课程项目,但往往没有该学校编内的培养计划般详细。好处是不用实地入学也可以学习到相关内容。在目前国内院校没有完善课程体系和参考书籍的情况下,本文认为此类课程平台可以用于缓解目前相关领域人才培养方面的压力,也可以供有识之士进行自我学习和充实。网课平台拥有限制少的优点,适合于零散化学习,是符合当前非体系化的培养现状的良好解决办法。且国际、政府和全球发展相关组织也可以参考其课程设置框架与培养体系,以建立自己的方案。在这个方面上,此类课程平台具有重要的参考和学习价值。
(三) 对我国人才培训体系的参考价值
本文的深层价值在于试图通过与全球(国际)发展国内外相关内容的汇总与综述,提炼出可供国内院校和机构参考的人才培养体系与方案,帮助相关院校、机构培养全球(国际)发展研究的人才团队与国际传播、国际志愿服务团队。在该意义下,本文基于已整理内容提炼出的对我国人才培训体系的参考价值如下:
1、 通识课起步,专业化细分的课程体系
通识课起步,即类比国外院校可能在低年级段的课程培养方案,通过大类的全球发展介绍进行入手,着重先介绍一些基本类的,例如国际关系、全球政治、全球治理、政治经济学、管理学和人类学等方面的基本课程,帮助学习者快速完成对课程有关的基本体系的构建。目前国内已开设全球(国际)发展学科的院校课程大多设置在这个阶段。
在完成大致知识体系的构建上,在进入高年级之后再进行相关细分领域的专业课程学习,此时可以采取细分方向的培养形式,鼓励学习者选择愿意投身的研究方向进行进一步的研究深造,重点研究区域合作、种族与性别、粮食安全、儿童保护、气候变化等焦点问题。本文认为,在全球(国际)发展的课程体系之下,有低年级段的大类通识课程的介绍后,再进行细分领域课程学习和项目研究,是较为科学化、体系化的培养方案。
2、 有阶段、有目的的培养形式
全球(国际)发展以其所涉及的知识面和研究领域的广度,势必要进行分阶段的培养,且培养人才最终是为了服务于政府、国际机构与组织,故在人才培养的阶段也要体现一定的目的性和实操性。在这样的理念指导下,本文参考国外院校培养方案总结出了人才培养的四个形式:
(1) 理论基础:即上文所述的课程体系;
(2) 调研报告:在进入细分领域的研究与学习之后,希望学习者能够参与相关的专业研究项目,并完成目标领域的调研报告。充分的背调能够帮助学习者建立对于该细分领域的详细认识,辅助其快速融汇已了解的知识体系,将学到的知识变成自己的,也为学习者之后在该领域的深造奠定实践基础;
(3) 对点单位实习:全球(国际)发展专业的学习者,大多会进入相关的国家机关、国际机构和组织进行服务,因此本文建议在课程培养阶段就引入课堂内外的融合培养的模式,使参与者在进入高年级之后进入相关领域的组织机构,进行更加具有专业性和技术性的学习实践,能在学习相关知识的基础上着重培养实践技能,从纯粹学术的领域跳脱出来,与实操接轨。此类联合培养的模式在国内外高校的其他专业中已有出现,本文认为全球(国际)发展专业可以参照此类培养方式,重点培育专业型、技术型人才,为相关组织机构输送后备力量;
(4) 毕业论文:最为常规的院校专业培养方案,在完成了指定年份的专业培养之后,综合性考核学习者的学习情况,最终产出的毕业论文不仅对于学习者来说是一个总结,对于院校机构来说更是宝贵的参考经验。以论文作为毕业的考核形式也符合当前国内外高校普遍的操作方式。
3. 对我国潜在培训对象的指导意义
全球(国际)发展的相关课程培训不仅对国际人才储备具有重要的意义,也对于当前我国体制下相关方向的工作者来说也具有重大价值。当今世界国际、区域合作发展的态势仍在上行,要充分践行“一带一路”与人类命运共同体的行动倡议,需要相关领域的领导者、负责人对于全球(国际)发展有深刻的见解。而作为新兴的学科领域,目前国内的相关领域人才大多还没有接受过此类专业培训。基于此,本文认为此课程培养体系梳理对我国有潜在培训需求的对象具备一定价值。
我国的潜在培训对象,大体上可以分为组织机构领导者与专业志愿者两类。对于组织机构领导者来说,相关课程体系的学习可以帮助其迅速把握大类方向、研究现状,有助于其快速了解,转换国家视角应对相关问题;对于专业志愿者来说,学习细分领域的相关课程能帮助其迅速熟悉对口领域,快速上手有关项目,减少具体领域的认知困难,帮助志愿服务项目的落地实施。
五、 总结:问题与不足
当前国外各大院校机构在全球(国际)发展领域上已经远远超前于国内,国内的相关专业和课程建设仍处在起步阶段。在充分认识到设立全球(国际)发展课程的必要性和迫切性后,研究团队力图在归纳已有体系成果的基础上,为我国可能有相关人才培养的群体提供参考意见。然而外部资料纷繁复杂,研究难免以偏概全、有所纰漏。
目前全球(国际)发展的书籍期刊尚有不足,北京外国语大学于2017年创办的《区域与全球发展》期刊,以“全球视野、区域定位、中国关注”为办刊导向;促进外国语言文学学科和政治学、经济学、法学、中国语言文学、新闻传播学等学科的深度交叉融合,是一个具有建设性意义的尝试。希望未来国内能有更多专家学者从事此方面的研究,并产出具有指导性意义的学术著作,以助推我国的国际合作发展事业。
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